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.claude/skills/laravel-best-practices/rules/architecture.md

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+# Architecture Best Practices
+
+## Single-Purpose Action Classes
+
+Extract discrete business operations into invokable Action classes.
+
+```php
+class CreateOrderAction
+{
+    public function __construct(private InventoryService $inventory) {}
+
+    public function execute(array $data): Order
+    {
+        $order = Order::create($data);
+        $this->inventory->reserve($order);
+
+        return $order;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Use Dependency Injection
+
+Always use constructor injection. Avoid `app()` or `resolve()` inside classes.
+
+Incorrect:
+```php
+class OrderController extends Controller
+{
+    public function store(StoreOrderRequest $request)
+    {
+        $service = app(OrderService::class);
+
+        return $service->create($request->validated());
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Correct:
+```php
+class OrderController extends Controller
+{
+    public function __construct(private OrderService $service) {}
+
+    public function store(StoreOrderRequest $request)
+    {
+        return $this->service->create($request->validated());
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Code to Interfaces
+
+Depend on contracts at system boundaries (payment gateways, notification channels, external APIs) for testability and swappability.
+
+Incorrect (concrete dependency):
+```php
+class OrderService
+{
+    public function __construct(private StripeGateway $gateway) {}
+}
+```
+
+Correct (interface dependency):
+```php
+interface PaymentGateway
+{
+    public function charge(int $amount, string $customerId): PaymentResult;
+}
+
+class OrderService
+{
+    public function __construct(private PaymentGateway $gateway) {}
+}
+```
+
+Bind in a service provider:
+
+```php
+$this->app->bind(PaymentGateway::class, StripeGateway::class);
+```
+
+## Default Sort by Descending
+
+When no explicit order is specified, sort by `id` or `created_at` descending. Explicit ordering prevents cross-database inconsistencies between MySQL and Postgres.
+
+Incorrect:
+```php
+$posts = Post::paginate();
+```
+
+Correct:
+```php
+$posts = Post::latest()->paginate();
+```
+
+## Use Atomic Locks for Race Conditions
+
+Prevent race conditions with `Cache::lock()` or `lockForUpdate()`.
+
+```php
+Cache::lock('order-processing-'.$order->id, 10)->block(5, function () use ($order) {
+    $order->process();
+});
+
+// Or at query level
+$product = Product::where('id', $id)->lockForUpdate()->first();
+```
+
+## Use `mb_*` String Functions
+
+When no Laravel helper exists, prefer `mb_strlen`, `mb_strtolower`, etc. for UTF-8 safety. Standard PHP string functions count bytes, not characters.
+
+Incorrect:
+```php
+strlen('José');          // 5 (bytes, not characters)
+strtolower('MÜNCHEN');  // 'mÜnchen' — fails on multibyte
+```
+
+Correct:
+```php
+mb_strlen('José');             // 4 (characters)
+mb_strtolower('MÜNCHEN');     // 'münchen'
+
+// Prefer Laravel's Str helpers when available
+Str::length('José');          // 4
+Str::lower('MÜNCHEN');        // 'münchen'
+```
+
+## Use `defer()` for Post-Response Work
+
+For lightweight tasks that don't need to survive a crash (logging, analytics, cleanup), use `defer()` instead of dispatching a job. The callback runs after the HTTP response is sent — no queue overhead.
+
+Incorrect (job overhead for trivial work):
+```php
+dispatch(new LogPageView($page));
+```
+
+Correct (runs after response, same process):
+```php
+defer(fn () => PageView::create(['page_id' => $page->id, 'user_id' => auth()->id()]));
+```
+
+Use jobs when the work must survive process crashes or needs retry logic. Use `defer()` for fire-and-forget work.
+
+## Use `Context` for Request-Scoped Data
+
+The `Context` facade passes data through the entire request lifecycle — middleware, controllers, jobs, logs — without passing arguments manually.
+
+```php
+// In middleware
+Context::add('tenant_id', $request->header('X-Tenant-ID'));
+
+// Anywhere later — controllers, jobs, log context
+$tenantId = Context::get('tenant_id');
+```
+
+Context data automatically propagates to queued jobs and is included in log entries. Use `Context::addHidden()` for sensitive data that should be available in queued jobs but excluded from log context. If data must not leave the current process, do not store it in `Context`.
+
+## Use `Concurrency::run()` for Parallel Execution
+
+Run independent operations in parallel using child processes — no async libraries needed.
+
+```php
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Concurrency;
+
+[$users, $orders] = Concurrency::run([
+    fn () => User::count(),
+    fn () => Order::where('status', 'pending')->count(),
+]);
+```
+
+Each closure runs in a separate process with full Laravel access. Use for independent database queries, API calls, or computations that would otherwise run sequentially.
+
+## Convention Over Configuration
+
+Follow Laravel conventions. Don't override defaults unnecessarily.
+
+Incorrect:
+```php
+class Customer extends Model
+{
+    protected $table = 'Customer';
+    protected $primaryKey = 'customer_id';
+
+    public function roles(): BelongsToMany
+    {
+        return $this->belongsToMany(Role::class, 'role_customer', 'customer_id', 'role_id');
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Correct:
+```php
+class Customer extends Model
+{
+    public function roles(): BelongsToMany
+    {
+        return $this->belongsToMany(Role::class);
+    }
+}
+```