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+# Error Handling Best Practices
+
+## Exception Reporting and Rendering
+
+There are two valid approaches — choose one and apply it consistently across the project.
+
+**Co-location on the exception class** — keeps behavior alongside the exception definition, easier to find:
+
+```php
+class InvalidOrderException extends Exception
+{
+    public function report(): void { /* custom reporting */ }
+
+    public function render(Request $request): Response
+    {
+        return response()->view('errors.invalid-order', status: 422);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Centralized in `bootstrap/app.php`** — all exception handling in one place, easier to see the full picture:
+
+```php
+->withExceptions(function (Exceptions $exceptions) {
+    $exceptions->report(function (InvalidOrderException $e) { /* ... */ });
+    $exceptions->render(function (InvalidOrderException $e, Request $request) {
+        return response()->view('errors.invalid-order', status: 422);
+    });
+})
+```
+
+Check the existing codebase and follow whichever pattern is already established.
+
+## Use `ShouldntReport` for Exceptions That Should Never Log
+
+More discoverable than listing classes in `dontReport()`.
+
+```php
+class PodcastProcessingException extends Exception implements ShouldntReport {}
+```
+
+## Throttle High-Volume Exceptions
+
+A single failing integration can flood error tracking. Use `throttle()` to rate-limit per exception type.
+
+## Enable `dontReportDuplicates()`
+
+Prevents the same exception instance from being logged multiple times when `report($e)` is called in multiple catch blocks.
+
+## Force JSON Error Rendering for API Routes
+
+Laravel auto-detects `Accept: application/json` but API clients may not set it. Explicitly declare JSON rendering for API routes.
+
+```php
+$exceptions->shouldRenderJsonWhen(function (Request $request, Throwable $e) {
+    return $request->is('api/*') || $request->expectsJson();
+});
+```
+
+## Add Context to Exception Classes
+
+Attach structured data to exceptions at the source via a `context()` method — Laravel includes it automatically in the log entry.
+
+```php
+class InvalidOrderException extends Exception
+{
+    public function context(): array
+    {
+        return ['order_id' => $this->orderId];
+    }
+}
+```