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+# Migration Best Practices
+
+## Generate Migrations with Artisan
+
+Always use `php artisan make:migration` for consistent naming and timestamps.
+
+Incorrect (manually created file):
+```php
+// database/migrations/posts_migration.php  ← wrong naming, no timestamp
+```
+
+Correct (Artisan-generated):
+```bash
+php artisan make:migration create_posts_table
+php artisan make:migration add_slug_to_posts_table
+```
+
+## Use `constrained()` for Foreign Keys
+
+Automatic naming and referential integrity.
+
+```php
+$table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();
+
+// Non-standard names
+$table->foreignId('author_id')->constrained('users');
+```
+
+## Never Modify Deployed Migrations
+
+Once a migration has run in production, treat it as immutable. Create a new migration to change the table.
+
+Incorrect (editing a deployed migration):
+```php
+// 2024_01_01_create_posts_table.php — already in production
+$table->string('slug')->unique(); // ← added after deployment
+```
+
+Correct (new migration to alter):
+```php
+// 2024_03_15_add_slug_to_posts_table.php
+Schema::table('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {
+    $table->string('slug')->unique()->after('title');
+});
+```
+
+## Add Indexes in the Migration
+
+Add indexes when creating the table, not as an afterthought. Columns used in `WHERE`, `ORDER BY`, and `JOIN` clauses need indexes.
+
+Incorrect:
+```php
+Schema::create('orders', function (Blueprint $table) {
+    $table->id();
+    $table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained();
+    $table->string('status');
+    $table->timestamps();
+});
+```
+
+Correct:
+```php
+Schema::create('orders', function (Blueprint $table) {
+    $table->id();
+    $table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained()->index();
+    $table->string('status')->index();
+    $table->timestamp('shipped_at')->nullable()->index();
+    $table->timestamps();
+});
+```
+
+## Mirror Defaults in Model `$attributes`
+
+When a column has a database default, mirror it in the model so new instances have correct values before saving.
+
+```php
+// Migration
+$table->string('status')->default('pending');
+
+// Model
+protected $attributes = [
+    'status' => 'pending',
+];
+```
+
+## Write Reversible `down()` Methods by Default
+
+Implement `down()` for schema changes that can be safely reversed so `migrate:rollback` works in CI and failed deployments.
+
+```php
+public function down(): void
+{
+    Schema::table('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {
+        $table->dropColumn('slug');
+    });
+}
+```
+
+For intentionally irreversible migrations (e.g., destructive data backfills), leave a clear comment and require a forward fix migration instead of pretending rollback is supported.
+
+## Keep Migrations Focused
+
+One concern per migration. Never mix DDL (schema changes) and DML (data manipulation).
+
+Incorrect (partial failure creates unrecoverable state):
+```php
+public function up(): void
+{
+    Schema::create('settings', function (Blueprint $table) { ... });
+    DB::table('settings')->insert(['key' => 'version', 'value' => '1.0']);
+}
+```
+
+Correct (separate migrations):
+```php
+// Migration 1: create_settings_table
+Schema::create('settings', function (Blueprint $table) { ... });
+
+// Migration 2: seed_default_settings
+DB::table('settings')->insert(['key' => 'version', 'value' => '1.0']);
+```