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+# Testing Best Practices
+
+## Use `LazilyRefreshDatabase` Over `RefreshDatabase`
+
+`RefreshDatabase` runs all migrations every test run even when the schema hasn't changed. `LazilyRefreshDatabase` only migrates when needed, significantly speeding up large suites.
+
+## Use Model Assertions Over Raw Database Assertions
+
+Incorrect: `$this->assertDatabaseHas('users', ['id' => $user->id]);`
+
+Correct: `$this->assertModelExists($user);`
+
+More expressive, type-safe, and fails with clearer messages.
+
+## Use Factory States and Sequences
+
+Named states make tests self-documenting. Sequences eliminate repetitive setup.
+
+Incorrect: `User::factory()->create(['email_verified_at' => null]);`
+
+Correct: `User::factory()->unverified()->create();`
+
+## Use `Exceptions::fake()` to Assert Exception Reporting
+
+Instead of `withoutExceptionHandling()`, use `Exceptions::fake()` to assert the correct exception was reported while the request completes normally.
+
+## Call `Event::fake()` After Factory Setup
+
+Model factories rely on model events (e.g., `creating` to generate UUIDs). Calling `Event::fake()` before factory calls silences those events, producing broken models.
+
+Incorrect: `Event::fake(); $user = User::factory()->create();`
+
+Correct: `$user = User::factory()->create(); Event::fake();`
+
+## Use `recycle()` to Share Relationship Instances Across Factories
+
+Without `recycle()`, nested factories create separate instances of the same conceptual entity.
+
+```php
+Ticket::factory()
+    ->recycle(Airline::factory()->create())
+    ->create();
+```