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+# Validation & Forms Best Practices
+
+## Use Form Request Classes
+
+Extract validation from controllers into dedicated Form Request classes.
+
+Incorrect:
+```php
+public function store(Request $request)
+{
+    $request->validate([
+        'title' => 'required|max:255',
+        'body' => 'required',
+    ]);
+}
+```
+
+Correct:
+```php
+public function store(StorePostRequest $request)
+{
+    Post::create($request->validated());
+}
+```
+
+## Array vs. String Notation for Rules
+
+Array syntax is more readable and composes cleanly with `Rule::` objects. Prefer it in new code, but check existing Form Requests first and match whatever notation the project already uses.
+
+```php
+// Preferred for new code
+'email' => ['required', 'email', Rule::unique('users')],
+
+// Follow existing convention if the project uses string notation
+'email' => 'required|email|unique:users',
+```
+
+## Always Use `validated()`
+
+Get only validated data. Never use `$request->all()` for mass operations.
+
+Incorrect:
+```php
+Post::create($request->all());
+```
+
+Correct:
+```php
+Post::create($request->validated());
+```
+
+## Use `Rule::when()` for Conditional Validation
+
+```php
+'company_name' => [
+    Rule::when($this->account_type === 'business', ['required', 'string', 'max:255']),
+],
+```
+
+## Use the `after()` Method for Custom Validation
+
+Use `after()` instead of `withValidator()` for custom validation logic that depends on multiple fields.
+
+```php
+public function after(): array
+{
+    return [
+        function (Validator $validator) {
+            if ($this->quantity > Product::find($this->product_id)?->stock) {
+                $validator->errors()->add('quantity', 'Not enough stock.');
+            }
+        },
+    ];
+}
+```